@ Subtitles generated with Happy Scribe 00:00:00:32 00:00:07:20 These are involved in an activity that we think holds a promise. It's down the road, obviously, a bit. 00:00:07:20 00:00:09:76 How many years I can't tell you. 00:00:11:48 00:00:15:20 But we're talking about tobacco protein. 00:00:15:60 00:00:16:80 You smoke this stuff, 00:00:16:80 00:00:20:28 and you get nicotine out of it, you can get tar out of it... 00:00:20:28 00:00:22:79 I don't know what else you can get out of it, that's the thing 00:00:22:80 00:00:26:36 they hold up, but as you know, you get good smoke out of it. 00:00:26:56 00:00:30:16 I mean, it's some kind of tasty situation right after a good meal, 00:00:30:16 00:00:32:25 you know, after a cup of coffee. 00:00:32:32 00:00:33:83 But we're talking about 00:00:33:84 00:00:36:24 making tobacco protein. 00:00:36:44 00:00:38:80 Tobacco protein. 00:00:38:28 00:00:43:19 And we are in cahoots--I reckon that's a good way to put it-- to join forces 00:00:43:39 00:00:46:80 with a group of scientists from California. 00:00:48:68 00:00:52:20 A couple of years ago-- it was 11 years ago-- 00:00:52:76 00:00:55:68 and we've spent a good bunch of money 00:00:55:88 00:00:59:52 involved together to see what we could develop out of this. 00:00:59:52 00:01:00:99 And we worked with-- 00:01:01:00 00:01:04:32 well, one of the largest food manufacturing companies in the world 00:01:04:52 00:01:08:12 [?] Foods-- 00:01:08:12 00:01:10:67 because they would have an interest in this, 00:01:10:87 00:01:14:60 and the object is, you know, what is needed here in the United States? 00:01:14:80 00:01:17:00 Not even--when you talk about protein, 00:01:17:20 00:01:18:68 you talk about red meats, 00:01:18:68 00:01:23:44 and you talk about soy meat; you talk about a lot of the other things that have protein in it. 00:01:23:44 00:01:26:88 But the world is short in protein. 00:01:27:80 00:01:31:37 And, you know, how are you going to feed these hungry masses of people, 00:01:31:57 00:01:36:30 saying oh, we'll have 6 billion of them in this country by the year 2000, 00:01:36:50 00:01:38:12 which is just 19 years away. 00:01:38:32 00:01:39:87 How are you going to feed them? 00:01:39:88 00:01:41:92 Well, the idea actually is 00:01:42:60 00:01:43:95 that if this thing can be developed 00:01:43:96 00:01:48:28 and materializes--and I'm not facetious in saying this--that, you know, 00:01:48:48 00:01:52:56 rice is the carbohydrate--I suppose it's a starchy food-- 00:01:52:76 00:01:55:32 but you take a spoonful of tobacco protein, 00:01:55:52 00:01:56:67 you spread it over them, 00:01:56:68 00:02:00:40 and you have the same constituency, elements, food, nutrients in it, 00:02:00:40 00:02:04:88 that you would in a beefsteak. So what a type of model that is. 00:02:05:80 00:02:07:40 Another thing you can do, you know-- 00:02:07:60 00:02:10:54 you drink a lot of pop in this country, don't you? 00:02:10:54 00:02:13:82 --how much protein, how much food value, is it, in a drink? 00:02:13:83 00:02:17:22 Some of you fellows may think, but honestly, there's not much in it. 00:02:17:22 00:02:19:59 But, you know, you could put a little bit of that in it, 00:02:19:60 00:02:22:79 and you'd have a good, balanced meal-- a liquid balanced meal! 00:02:22:80 00:02:26:96 You know, for a quarter, 50 cents, whatever drinks cost now...I don't drink. 00:02:26:96 00:02:28:80 I smoke, I don't drink. [laughter] 00:02:30:40 00:02:31:47 Well, that's the idea-- 00:02:31:48 00:02:36:65 we have a little close prototype plant that I expect 00:02:36:65 00:02:41:98 we've got $300,000 or $400,000 invested in it some way or other, 00:02:41:98 00:02:43:44 between all the parties 00:02:43:44 00:02:47:47 working on this thing. It'll probably take us four or five years, 00:02:47:47 00:02:50:96 maybe longer down the road, to come to some conclusion. 00:02:50:97 00:02:52:12 It's a difficult thing. 00:02:52:14 00:02:56:21 You have to go by the-- you have to go through the FDA and all that sort of thing. 00:02:56:21 00:02:58:39 In fact, we're already working with them. 00:02:58:40 00:03:01:75 You would've thought that the first thing they'd think about 00:03:01:75 00:03:06:74 would be, you know, since tobacco is associated with nicotine, 00:03:06:74 00:03:11:92 that behind is the worry that we'd ever get this country to eat nicotine. 00:03:12:74 00:03:16:43 You ever thought about how-- what we're going to do with nicotine? 00:03:16:44 00:03:18:71 Would you eat nicotine intentionally? Would you? 00:03:18:91 00:03:22:17 - [Crowd member] I would if it was advertised. [laughter] 00:03:22:68 00:03:26:20 You know what? Nicotine in tobacco, 00:03:26:40 00:03:28:32 we can get it down to-- 00:03:28:52 00:03:34:11 in a not-too-complicated process-- to one part per million already. 00:03:34:11 00:03:37:72 You wash it out is what you do. But who in the world would eat nicotine? 00:03:38:47 00:03:43:28 But wouldn't it be a great thing to say, you know, with all these attacks on smoking and health, 00:03:43:28 00:03:46:66 and then we can take the plant here --and we may have to, 00:03:46:86 00:03:50:38 if we lose the tobacco program or something else deadly happens to it-- 00:03:50:38 00:03:53:95 that we're going to produce it and eat it. 00:03:54:77 00:03:56:35 I've never see anybody eat tobacco. 00:03:56:36 00:03:59:36 I had an old mule one time, you know, some of you fellas at the farm 00:03:59:36 00:04:01:92 Jacob, that old mule, you had to put a muzzle on him 00:04:01:92 00:04:05:44 because didn't he bite right down on top of that stalk? 00:04:05:44 00:04:08:48 and he'd chew it and slop that green saliva all day. 00:04:10:24 00:04:12:61 I've got to give it to you-- [coughing] 00:04:15:64 00:04:18:84 But you know, talking about eating nicotine, 00:04:19:77 00:04:21:55 did you know 00:04:22:32 00:04:25:84 that that tomato that you eat, 00:04:26:28 00:04:33:52 that collard plant that you cook with and stew in a pot, and a whole lot of vegetable plants-- 00:04:33:72 00:04:35:32 mash potato. 00:04:35:32 00:04:40:39 They always told me that you ought to eat the whole potato; you shouldn't peel the potato, right? 00:04:40:40 00:04:43:40 Because all the beneficial nutrients are in the potato peel, right? 00:04:46:88 00:04:51:00 That darn tough potato peel got one of the highest nicotine contents 00:04:51:20 00:04:53:96 that you can imagine. [laughter] 00:04:54:32 00:04:58:61 Collards. Peppers. 00:04:58:80 00:05:00:76 All this sort of thing. 00:05:00:76 00:05:03:57 They manufacture in the root, and when you chop it off 00:05:03:57 00:05:06:92 and put it in the pot and stew it, now you're eating nicotine a whole lot more 00:05:06:92 00:05:12:29 than you would be of this nicotine that we produced when this prototype's clean. 00:05:12:30 00:05:14:45 That's the truth man, no question about it. 00:05:14:60 00:05:20:64 Well, maybe it's got a big future; it's a different culture, anyway, from what we're doing at the present time. 00:05:22:00 00:05:24:15 I'll tell you, it'd be my next question, 00:05:24:16 00:05:30:99 "Why would we be involved in anything like that development?" 00:05:30:10 00:05:32:14 I think there's two reasons. 00:05:33:00 00:05:37:71 One--and I don't know which is more important, but-- 00:05:37:80 00:05:43:70 one is we still are hoping that this company maintains the entrepreneurial spirit, 00:05:43:71 00:05:45:51 because we are a nation of free enterprise, 00:05:45:52 00:05:48:15 people and private initiative and all that. 00:05:48:16 00:05:50:60 And, you know, we like to make a buck. 00:05:50:60 00:05:54:26 But if we can develop something that'll make a buck for a farmer out here, 00:05:54:26 00:05:59:45 who's been growing tobacco, you know, that's our responsibility. Our obligation, they say, I think. 00:05:59:45 00:06:01:15 That's one of the reasons. 00:06:01:16 00:06:04:60 Add the nicotine; it has medicinal value. Now tell me that you know 00:06:04:61 00:06:08:56 these people who've been on dialysis machines for kidney problems or disorders, 00:06:08:76 00:06:14:00 well, the proper dosage of this, you'd just about do away with it. 00:06:14:20 00:06:16:68 It'd be prudent! No question about it. 00:06:16:69 00:06:20:57 We just haven't figured out the manufacturing of this stuff yet. 00:06:20:76 00:06:24:60 But the--I suppose another reason is this: 00:06:24:80 00:06:28:28 is that, you know, whether using the culture package or using 00:06:28:48 00:06:32:60 the development of the protein that we're talking about--a little plant, 00:06:32:80 00:06:34:44 thickly seeded, 00:06:34:64 00:06:38:12 and usually, when it's in a very succulent, tender stage, 00:06:38:32 00:06:44:64 ground up in its own juice and extract it, and settle that for pure crystalline, 00:06:44:84 00:06:47:72 tasteless, odorless form of protein. 00:06:47:92 00:06:52:48 Coming out one fraction, one, which has high medicinal qualities, 00:06:52:68 00:06:57:60 and another one is fraction two, which can be used as feed additives 00:06:57:60 00:06:59:68 and a lot of other things. 00:07:00:48 00:07:02:72 Then, there's a byproduct. 00:07:02:92 00:07:08:32 The deproteinized tobacco, there's a massive material that you use, you get all this stuff out of it. 00:07:08:33 00:07:12:64 If you squeeze the juice out of it, of deproteinized tobacco, 00:07:12:64 00:07:16:40 you didn't take the form alone and say, what could possibly happen to the 00:07:16:41 00:07:18:80 deproteinized tobacco genes, doesn't it? 00:07:18:80 00:07:20:87 What it could end up doing, 00:07:20:88 00:07:23:55 and put a lot of us out of business and out of work, 00:07:23:56 00:07:30:60 is to roll this stuff back into sheets like the roll that's the convention to produce tobacco today, 00:07:30:80 00:07:33:23 and grind it up, and put it back in a cigarette, 00:07:33:24 00:07:36:57 and you smoke it. And I smoked some of those cigarettes, 00:07:36:57 00:07:38:26 and you can put it 00:07:38:28 00:07:42:22 in a pale mill blended tobacco, 00:07:42:25 00:07:44:28 and 30% of it-- 00:07:44:48 00:07:50:67 you may be to tell if you've got real sensitive taste and smell buds in your system, 00:07:50:87 00:07:55:57 but if you don't, I don't believe you can tell the difference between 30% of it. 00:07:55:58 00:07:57:35 So that would displace 30% of our customers-- 00:07:57:36 00:07:59:20 definitely, if nobody comes back. 00:07:59:40 00:08:03:31 So I tell you one thing, my friends, the reason--that's one of the reasons 00:08:03:32 00:08:06:84 and maybe the primary reason-- is if this were to ever happen, 00:08:06:95 00:08:08:40 North Carolina Farm Bureau, 00:08:08:40 00:08:12:76 with all the agreements and understanding, and even through the patents that we have-- 00:08:12:76 00:08:15:52 and that's the most important thing-- is that we have 00:08:15:52 00:08:19:88 lock, stock, and barrel of what's going to happen to that deproteinized tobacco. 00:08:20:80 00:08:22:36 I think it may be a good place to use it 00:08:22:56 00:08:28:52 and to produce alcohol, you know, we're going to have to have some alternative energy source one of these days. 00:08:28:72 00:08:32:36 [coughing] So, a lot of opportunities to use-- 00:08:32:36 00:08:34:99 well, maybe that's enough, then. Maybe you have some questions. 00:08:35:00 00:08:37:68 But let me mention 00:08:37:88 00:08:41:40 one or two other things very quickly. 00:08:41:60 00:08:45:72 You know, the reason we have had a good, sound program 00:08:45:72 00:08:51:68 is because we have kept supply in line with demand. 00:08:51:88 00:08:54:40 And we've talked about quotas, now, for next year. 00:08:55:80 00:08:58:84 You fellows here are farming tobacco, 00:08:58:84 00:09:02:61 if you'll get the figures down, we've already got the preliminary ones down 00:09:02:61 00:09:04:89 and just got a report out last week, and you guys put 00:09:04:89 00:09:09:23 that we've got basically the same number of figures that we had last year, 00:09:09:22 00:09:12:77 identical, almost--in fact, they're a little bit greater, I think, 00:09:12:77 00:09:16:24 about 60 or 70 million pounds more tobacco, total stock, 00:09:16:44 00:09:18:28 in hand than it was last year. 00:09:18:48 00:09:23:84 And what we had last year was a 7.5% reduction, I believe that's the right percent. 00:09:23:96 00:09:28:15 Well, if we needle with those figures this year, it's going to suggest the same thing. 00:09:28:16 00:09:31:00 And I'm not one to say what we ought to do. 00:09:31:00 00:09:34:65 But, you know, it's going to be a little bit difficult for us to say, 00:09:34:85 00:09:37:59 you know, "We need to have a net count cut this year," 00:09:37:60 00:09:41:32 because we had a good crop, it's going to challenge the trade, 00:09:41:52 00:09:44:24 and somehow or another, we've got to find a way 00:09:44:24 00:09:49:24 to make some adjustments in the program to get rid of some more tobacco, I think. 00:09:49:44 00:09:52:38 And in a lot of ways, it's being suggested that we do that. 00:09:52:38 00:09:56:60 To cut the quotas, there's one way-- that's the first way that people think of. 00:09:56:80 00:10:01:96 And not only if you're talking about reducing the price report for them, 00:10:01:96 00:10:05:76 which doesn't necessarily have anything to do with project tobacco, 00:10:05:76 00:10:11:44 but it's a safety net there for farmers if they have a bad year, or low production, or whatever, 00:10:11:44 00:10:14:42 so we don't know what. We've got several options, 00:10:14:43 00:10:16:55 and while I'm talking about some of those options, 00:10:16:56 00:10:19:76 you know, we've talked about the lease transfer problem, 00:10:19:96 00:10:24:12 and some of you out there, I'm sure, maybe have some ownership of a lot, 00:10:24:12 00:10:29:20 and you'd like to lease it out, and you get 30, 40 or 50--what ever suits you-- per pound for it. 00:10:29:40 00:10:33:00 That's one of the biggest bug-a-boos we got in this program, 00:10:33:11 00:10:37:11 and it's given us more harm in the public eye, and in the eyes of Congress, 00:10:37:18 00:10:38:81 than anything else we got-- 00:10:38:81 00:10:43:52 it's worth more so than even support programs and even costs they've had. 00:10:43:72 00:10:50:24 Well, that's something that's right around the corner; we're gonna speak to that in the next 45 days, 00:10:50:32 00:10:55:14 or at least before the first of December. We'll have quotas and amounts by then. 00:10:55:29 00:10:57:95 Another problem that's come to us in tobacco-- 00:10:57:96 00:10:59:76 and maybe more specific, then, to eat-- 00:11:00:88 00:11:04:52 we've got another type of tobacco expected to the state 00:11:04:72 00:11:06:92 and that's Maryland tobacco. 00:11:07:12 00:11:10:94 And you saw something this morning I may have said in the paper, 00:11:13:76 00:11:15:88 but, you know, we've taken a position, 00:11:16:80 00:11:20:84 that we don't watch that one and we can begin to control or continue to pass tobacco rules 00:11:20:84 00:11:25:68 to have--that would permit that-- it's gonna-- 00:11:25:88 00:11:31:44 perhaps, the indicator or the acceptance of early demise, of the tobacco programing, 00:11:31:58 00:11:34:28 and I don't admit that sort of thing. 00:11:34:48 00:11:38:42 In Maryland, they are very, very upset, with the USDA, and people, 00:11:38:43 00:11:44:57 perhaps, in North Carolina, for permitting this to go on in the state. 00:11:44:58 00:11:48:40 And I don't know where we're going to be on this; we had earlier thought that in 1972-- 00:11:48:60 00:11:51:94 --I believe it was-- there was some regulations that came out, 00:11:51:94 00:11:55:83 with the right kind of interpretation or interpretation that was given at that time, 00:11:55:84 00:12:00:80 that a nine foot type tobacco would not be permitted to be grown within a prototype area. 00:12:01:27 00:12:02:85 But it won't hold. 00:12:03:45 00:12:04:92 And, therefore, 00:12:06:36 00:12:09:27 We're in this situation that legislators won't take. 00:12:09:34 00:12:14:94 Legislation. I close with this: We have, I think-- it's my job, I think-- 00:12:15:24 00:12:19:80 as long as people like Farm Bureau members, leadership across the state 00:12:20:00 00:12:24:50 suggest that we keep this program as sound and solid as possible, 00:12:24:50 00:12:28:12 to defend the program and speak up for it in its defense, 00:12:28:32 00:12:32:44 and try to give members some leadership to make possible changes in it. 00:12:32:92 00:12:38:96 But, you know, I've told you--and I wasn't too facetious when I said this, either-- 00:12:38:96 00:12:42:20 back during that August recess, I was meeting with some of our 00:12:42:20 00:12:45:24 friends at Congress; I told Senator Helms 00:12:45:44 00:12:47:92 that, you know, he'd been-- 00:12:48:12 00:12:50:56 and rightfully so, I support him in that-- 00:12:50:76 00:12:52:92 but he's got a lot of black eyes about, 00:12:53:12 00:12:56:48 you know, cutting off food stamps for a lot of people. 00:12:56:68 00:12:58:00 And I'm sure 00:12:58:20 00:13:02:60 it can be proven there have been a lot of abuses of food stamp usage in this country. 00:13:02:80 00:13:06:48 But he's been pretty dogged about that you know, 00:13:07:16 00:13:12:76 and I told him, "My friend, now we depend on you in that Senate," 00:13:12:96 00:13:19:80 and he was a cheap guy, you know, had to be--Chairman of the Senate Agricultural Committee-- 00:13:20:12 00:13:24:24 I said, "You cannot let anything get into the tobacco program, 00:13:24:24 00:13:27:76 and you, at the same time, are talking about cutting off food stamps, 00:13:27:76 00:13:31:11 because, the way I see it, if you're going to lose this tobacco program--" 00:13:31:11 00:13:32:75 or if we do, I won't say "you"-- 00:13:32:76 00:13:35:64 "If we lose this tobacco program in North Carolina, 00:13:35:84 00:13:37:84 a lot of us Black farmers, 00:13:38:40 00:13:39:64 a lot of us small farmers, 00:13:39:64 00:13:44:39 a lot of us any kind of farmers are going to be standing in line to get some of those food stamps. 00:13:44:40 00:13:46:92 That's just how simple it is with tobacco, sir." 00:13:47:12 00:13:50:40 Thank you very much for everything. [applause] 00:13:56:68 00:13:57:44 - [Eugene] Thank you, John. 00:13:57:64 00:14:01:40 And thanks to both of our speakers tonight. 00:14:01:24 00:14:02:32 Ms. Emory's here, and 00:14:02:52 00:14:06:92 we're glad to have her. She's still writing good speeches, right? I think. 00:14:07:36 00:14:10:60 John, I bought a set of Farm Bureau tires today, 00:14:10:80 00:14:12:80 and I said to my dealer that I was 00:14:12:80 00:14:14:82 going to be in a program here tonight 00:14:14:83 00:14:18:64 and I might be able to get a little better price for them. - [John] There's one price on them. 00:14:18:66 00:14:22:80 [laughter] - [Eugene] Well, that's what he said. He said you didn't get to be president 00:14:22:80 00:14:25:96 by getting kickbacks. That's a dirty word anyway. 00:14:26:16 00:14:28:92 I think that all of us recognize that 00:14:29:12 00:14:34:96 we've been talking about two aspects of the tobacco program. 00:14:35:16 00:14:40:44 And yet, once again, those two aspects are interrelated. 00:14:40:64 00:14:45:88 We've been talking about the change in the lifestyle of North Carolinians 00:14:46:80 00:14:50:60 when fewer and fewer persons live on the farm. 00:14:50:80 00:14:54:52 And as we've become more of a urban 00:14:54:72 00:14:59:12 and rural non-farm population, and trying to particularly mention 00:14:59:32 00:15:04:52 the changes that have taken place when the Black tenant farmer has moved 00:15:04:72 00:15:11:64 North or has moved into an industrial setting or has become unemployed. 00:15:11:84 00:15:14:64 And then, of course, we've seen 00:15:14:84 00:15:20:84 the tobacco program and sales in trouble, not just because of medical 00:15:21:40 00:15:26:40 concerns, but also because of a loss of strength, I guess, 00:15:26:40 00:15:29:40 of the breakdown of the old farm block, haven't we? 00:15:29:40 00:15:31:35 - [John] Well, I might comment on that. 00:15:31:36 00:15:33:60 [coughing] - [John] I think that 00:15:33:80 00:15:36:72 one of the reasons-- well, the reason why 00:15:36:92 00:15:40:84 the farm coalition broke down last week is that it was charged 00:15:41:40 00:15:43:36 --and I think there's some substance to that-- 00:15:43:56 00:15:46:80 is that the first thing that was discussed in the farm program-- 00:15:47:00 00:15:51:60 and, of course, tobacco itself is not a top-level farm program-- 00:15:51:60 00:15:54:95 and I mentioned it--it was an ideological thing as far as 00:15:54:96 00:15:58:59 a lot of some of those people will oppose certain things for it. 00:15:58:60 00:16:02:16 But dairy was the first title of the bill, 00:16:02:36 00:16:09:20 and doing this cost the American taxpayer something like $3 or $4 billion per year. 00:16:09:40 00:16:13:79 And I think I would have to admit, even though I've tried to work since then 00:16:13:80 00:16:17:92 to put that coalition back with the dairymen--maybe not to be quite 00:16:18:12 00:16:22:24 as tough on them as is the Senate Bill did actually that come out-- 00:16:22:44 00:16:27:12 but I think that was the beginning of the breakdown of whatever coalition we have there, 00:16:27:32 00:16:30:36 as someone may have mentioned, 00:16:30:56 00:16:36:40 that Minnesota and some of those principal dairy states--even Vermont and over in that area of the country-- 00:16:36:60 00:16:42:24 are kind of broke now because Senator Helms, 00:16:42:44 00:16:48:11 representing the administration's position on dairy--of course, we think this goes 00:16:48:12 00:16:52:00 too far right now as far the Farm Bill is concerned-- 00:16:52:20 00:16:59:28 is the Budget Act that was passed earlier that restricted or restrained, 00:16:59:46 00:17:02:56 down to certain levels, appropriations for these things. 00:17:02:76 00:17:07:44 And I did mention something else: that we are woefully deep down 00:17:07:64 00:17:11:48 in the woods when it comes to money right now in tobacco. 00:17:11:68 00:17:17:40 And we got through this skirmish in the Senate, and I hope do as well in the House. 00:17:17:24 00:17:20:37 The unfortunate thing--I don't think I mentioned this--is that 00:17:20:37 00:17:23:44 Senator Hatfield from Oregon is the chairman 00:17:23:44 00:17:28:92 of the Senate Appropriations Committee and Senator Eagleton--they were our two 00:17:29:12 00:17:32:16 antagonists, you might say, the other week in the Senate-- 00:17:32:36 00:17:33:68 he is a ranking member-- 00:17:33:88 00:17:39:48 being a Democrat, a ranking member-- of the Senate Ag Appropriations Committee. 00:17:39:49 00:17:41:63 So we've got the same front to contend with 00:17:41:64 00:17:45:00 when it came to talking about money. To face a fact square on, 00:17:45:01 00:17:49:97 you know, when you do away with the money--you can have all the programs in the world that you want-- 00:17:49:97 00:17:52:76 if you do away with money, you don't have approval, period. 00:17:52:77 00:17:55:12 - [Eugene] Right. Thank you. 00:17:55:12 00:17:58:79 I hope I didn't take somebody's question, but I wonder if 00:17:58:80 00:18:01:88 tonight we have questions in the audience. 00:18:02:80 00:18:03:44 Yes, sir. 00:18:04:16 00:18:08:56 - [George] I'm George Gray and we have a small farm out at Leggett. [keys jangling] 00:18:08:56 00:18:11:03 A tobacco lot. 00:18:11:40 00:18:18:52 In the news double over there, they suppose that they double the taxes on cigarettes. 00:18:18:72 00:18:22:60 Now, if we pay $6.5 million now, 00:18:22:76 00:18:29:32 Doesn't mean we'd help $13 million collected in taxes on tobacco. 00:18:29:32 00:18:31:48 Don't you think that's a little bit unreasonable? 00:18:31:48 00:18:34:59 Don't you think it'll run the price of cigarettes 00:18:34:60 00:18:39:20 or tobacco equal with gasoline? 00:18:40:00 00:18:43:85 - [Eugene] You want to comment on that? - [John] I'd be glad to. 00:18:43:85 00:18:47:96 I don't know where I saw that particular article or not, 00:18:48:16 00:18:51:56 but we came very close-- and even last week when 00:18:51:56 00:18:54:87 the General Assembly met-- there was still an opportunity 00:18:54:88 00:18:59:47 for the General Assembly to place an additional tax on cigarettes 00:18:59:48 00:19:03:56 in North Carolina to work on the highway thing, you know, we passed-- 00:19:03:56 00:19:05:89 we got a tax--what is it, three cents a gallon? 00:19:05:89 00:19:10:00 Four cents a gallon? Whatever it was-- for highway tax use. 00:19:10:20 00:19:15:52 And a lot of thought of that version being that some additional tax being placed 00:19:15:72 00:19:21:16 on tobacco to help fund the highway problem--and it is a real big problem, because 00:19:21:36 00:19:23:60 I've looked at more figures and things, 00:19:23:80 00:19:28:36 I've had a ceremony with the Governor's Blue Ribbon Commission to study this thing, 00:19:28:56 00:19:33:48 and, you know, all of us, I think, in the agriculture community, 00:19:33:68 00:19:36:40 from [?] days that got us out in the mud-- 00:19:36:40 00:19:39:51 I know the road that goes to my house is one of those kinds of roads, 00:19:39:52 00:19:45:44 and I bounced out several older mobiles as well, and got it to last a little bit longer because they got 00:19:45:44 00:19:49:80 some blacktop, doesn't it. Roads are important to the agricultural community, 00:19:50:00 00:19:54:80 but we will not have too much more building of new roads in North Carolina in the foreseeable future. 00:19:55:00 00:20:03:32 But that was proposed, not only for that region, but there was severe restraints 00:20:03:52 00:20:07:44 of the funding, incomes, or other tax purposes in the state-- 00:20:07:64 00:20:13:36 the suggestion's made that State employees perhaps need to get a little something off of this. 00:20:13:56 00:20:14:60 I mean, 00:20:15:16 00:20:16:68 we hope it doesn't happen, 00:20:16:88 00:20:21:00 and we have a position at farmers that, you know, we're going to oppose 00:20:21:10 00:20:24:32 this kind of tax. We have two cents now, you know. 00:20:24:52 00:20:30:44 One of the Hatfield proposals-- or the Hatfield proposal that was in the Senate the other week-- 00:20:30:44 00:20:33:68 had a 10 cents federal tax on it. 00:20:33:88 00:20:36:51 Well, that will not come up in the House 00:20:36:52 00:20:41:40 because the rules of the House and the rules of the Senate are a little bit different. 00:20:41:40 00:20:45:92 It may come up as a separate-- but anyway, it could not come up as a part of the farm bill discussions 00:20:45:92 00:20:49:15 because it's not germane, but everything else that's in discussion 00:20:49:16 00:20:53:36 in the Senate is germane to this possible discussion in the House 00:20:53:36 00:20:54:60 this week on tobacco. 00:20:55:52 00:20:59:78 - [George] It looks to me like because tobacco's our money crop, 00:20:59:81 00:21:02:28 that they're right ready to jump on it. 00:21:04:28 00:21:07:79 - [Eugene] I think that it looks that way to a lot of us, doesn't it? 00:21:07:80 00:21:10:76 I wonder if in that same vein, 00:21:10:96 00:21:13:80 if somebody else wants to make a comment? 00:21:14:92 00:21:20:40 Any concern you'd like to direct to either of our figures tonight? 00:21:22:44 00:21:26:60 How many of you in the audience grew up on a farm? 00:21:26:60 00:21:28:12 Would you hold up your hand? 00:21:28:12 00:21:30:00 It's always interesting. Thank you. 00:21:30:20 00:21:34:60 I frequently went out preaching from city churches. 00:21:34:80 00:21:38:60 I asked them how many of them came from a rural church. 00:21:38:80 00:21:42:92 And the membership is almost always predominantly 00:21:43:12 00:21:49:40 people, you know, who grew up in the country and were members of a rural church. 00:21:49:24 00:21:51:96 And a lot of times I think we forget 00:21:52:16 00:21:59:24 what the rural home and the rural institutions have contributed. 00:21:59:44 00:22:01:80 I wanted to ask Frank, 00:22:02:00 00:22:06:24 Frank, what kind of values were taught you? 00:22:06:24 00:22:09:92 Would you say a word about your growing up? Just a moment. 00:22:11:84 00:22:15:98 - [Frank] Well, I grew up over in Johnson County, 00:22:15:98 00:22:20:20 a county just about like this. 00:22:20:40 00:22:24:40 And one of the things that I say-- 00:22:25:20 00:22:31:00 well, number one, it was a typical Black family in Johnson County, because 00:22:31:20 00:22:38:44 I grew up on a small, seven acre farm, a farm that was secured through the... 00:22:38:92 00:22:40:39 it was Farm Security then, 00:22:40:40 00:22:44:24 you perhaps remember Farm Security Administration, 00:22:44:44 00:22:48:52 and that's the farm that I spent a good portion of my life growing up on. 00:22:48:72 00:22:55:00 But one of the things that we stressed, of course, was individual initiative, 00:22:55:44 00:22:59:56 honesty, achievement, respect for others. 00:22:59:73 00:23:00:88 And this type of thing. 00:23:01:80 00:23:04:16 And of course, the love... 00:23:04:36 00:23:06:88 some quote I can't remember now. 00:23:06:88 00:23:10:99 I always remember the part; I'll have to call on my wife for this-- 00:23:10:10 00:23:16:00 But they always say--the poem says, it takes a lot of living in a house to make a home. 00:23:16:00 00:23:17:79 Who wrote that? Does anybody remember? 00:23:17:79 00:23:20:19 - [Audience member] Edgar Guest. - [Frank] Edgar Guest! 00:23:20:20 00:23:24:44 It's a beautiful... it's a beautiful concept, 00:23:24:64 00:23:27:15 and I think that's what we had in our home. 00:23:27:16 00:23:31:68 My dad was a country preacher, 00:23:31:88 00:23:38:36 a fellow who farmed, and he preached on Sunday. 00:23:39:88 00:23:43:68 Very seldom, he was, for most of his life, a local pastor-- 00:23:43:88 00:23:48:88 what we called, affectionately, a cornfield preacher. 00:23:49:80 00:23:58:80 And this is the type of background that I had: one in which we work hard, one in which 00:23:59:00 00:24:02:81 there may not have been a whole lot of material possessions, 00:24:03:17 00:24:05:32 but it was one in which we all recognize 00:24:05:52 00:24:09:40 that we were important to each other and that we respected each other. 00:24:09:60 00:24:13:80 And it was from this type of 00:24:13:81 00:24:18:12 background that we were to move out into the larger community. 00:24:18:40 00:24:21:60 - [Eugene] Thank you. I wonder if somebody will have a comment 00:24:21:80 00:24:26:64 that you want to make before we bring the program to a close tonight. 00:24:26:64 00:24:28:17 Some question. All right, sir? 00:24:28:17 00:24:32:48 - [Audience member] I was wondering about the two sides, earlier, that you talked about, 00:24:33:12 00:24:34:72 mix them together. 00:24:34:92 00:24:40:56 How much effect do either one of the gentleman... [paper rustling] 00:24:42:60 00:24:47:44 With the transition in tobacco now and in times past, 00:24:47:64 00:24:50:36 not necessarily the people who have moved 00:24:50:56 00:24:56:24 away from farming, but the people who have stayed, say somebody like myself, that had 00:24:56:44 00:25:01:16 fathers grew up farming tobacco a certain way. 00:25:01:36 00:25:05:00 When I came back to farm, everything changed. 00:25:05:20 00:25:10:88 How much effect on the young farmer today, 00:25:11:28 00:25:14:88 in relationship to all farming aspects? 00:25:15:80 00:25:16:24 Political-- 00:25:16:44 00:25:20:72 what we do politically-- and what we do at home, on the farm-- 00:25:20:92 00:25:26:32 how much changing--do you understand what I'm trying to say? How much changing has occurred 00:25:26:52 00:25:29:40 from that, the old way, to the new way? 00:25:29:24 00:25:34:40 Is that a problem with farmers today, that the change has come so quick? 00:25:34:24 00:25:35:67 Or, to me, it was quick; 00:25:35:87 00:25:38:92 we were farming one way one year and another way the next. 00:25:39:20 00:25:43:40 - [Eugene] Certainly, one of those changes that was important, I suppose, 00:25:43:24 00:25:46:62 is that the farmer of today had become a business man borrower, 00:25:46:62 00:25:49:60 hasn't he? The capital that is required for it-- 00:25:49:80 00:25:52:32 either you your comment on that? 00:25:52:52 00:25:54:72 - [John] Oh, yeah. 00:25:54:72 00:25:58:21 There's lot of ways to answer that question, I'm sure. 00:25:59:36 00:26:01:20 When I came up on the farm, 00:26:01:40 00:26:03:60 and that's all I've ever known, 00:26:03:80 00:26:07:12 on small tobacco farm at that, 00:26:07:96 00:26:12:52 and there has been some very significant and drastic problems very quickly. 00:26:12:72 00:26:15:36 You know, the peanut farmers have a saying, 00:26:15:56 00:26:19:55 you know, they're same thing, tobacco's the same thing, back in the--I suppose 00:26:19:56 00:26:22:28 we saw it making changes more in its late '60s-- 00:26:22:28 00:26:24:84 but perhaps anything else, and you're exactly right, 00:26:24:84 00:26:28:20 that one of the things that deter-- 00:26:28:40 00:26:31:72 a quick deterrent to young people --and gosh knows 00:26:31:92 00:26:36:16 how badly we need young people back into farming today-- they tell us that 00:26:36:68 00:26:41:39 by the first year--you can probably relate to this-- I believe they tell me that 00:26:41:40 00:26:43:16 the average age of farmers 00:26:43:36 00:26:48:40 maybe has been has been reduced a little bit over the last four, five years, 00:26:48:24 00:26:52:00 but it's been up in the mid- and upper-50s, you know. 00:26:52:16 00:26:53:36 And that's where I'm at. 00:26:53:56 00:26:58:80 And I'm I'm getting almost too old to farm, you know, to do so much stuff. 00:26:59:00 00:27:00:80 But, you know, young farmers-- 00:27:01:00 00:27:04:60 and we can relate to them very well 00:27:04:92 00:27:06:76 because I was one, one time-- 00:27:06:76 00:27:11:12 you know, they always go out and promise to me that by 1955-- 00:27:11:32 00:27:14:60 and then it was another 10 year period, 1965, 00:27:14:60 00:27:16:20 and right on and on to 1985-- 00:27:16:40 00:27:19:40 and now we're saying, by the year 2000, 00:27:19:24 00:27:25:36 you know, that people are going to be beating a path to your door, demanding, 00:27:25:56 00:27:28:40 if you please, your production, because, 00:27:28:60 00:27:33:48 you know, they've got to have it because they're going to start to dip otherwise. 00:27:33:48 00:27:37:44 But, you know, the only way a young farmer can get into the farming business today, 00:27:37:44 00:27:40:25 as you always said, you've got to get prepared, you've got to get married, 00:27:40:45 00:27:44:67 or you've got to find a sugar daddy some place to do it. 00:27:44:68 00:27:47:68 And that's just about the way it is because 00:27:47:88 00:27:50:99 the average capitalization of farms 00:27:51:00 00:27:57:84 today, I mean a size of viable use, would be at least $255 a lot, that's $4 million. 00:27:58:40 00:28:01:80 And that's, to me still, a good size chunk of money. 00:28:02:20 00:28:04:52 But the thing is, breaking the back of 00:28:04:52 00:28:10:40 old farmers and young farmers today-- Black, white, no matter what color they are, 00:28:10:24 00:28:14:64 is the economic environment in which we live 00:28:14:64 00:28:17:79 --and I don't know, all of us may have been a partner to it-- 00:28:17:80 00:28:21:62 but we don't turn that one around, we're all going to be broke. 00:28:21:62 00:28:27:44 I cannot by a $50,000 or $60,000 tractor and $100,000 combine 00:28:27:44 00:28:32:62 and get $2.50 for corn and $3.50 per wheel of whatever, for those sorts of things. 00:28:32:63 00:28:35:87 There's no way to make it, and you know that. I don't have to tell you that. 00:28:35:88 00:28:38:00 So we have had these drastic changes. 00:28:38:00 00:28:41:48 And unless we can turn this economic situation around, this can't be-- 00:28:41:48 00:28:46:48 I don't whether we can--if Reaganomics is going to do it or not, and that's the plain old situation. 00:28:46:68 00:28:48:12 I won't get into that. 00:28:48:15 00:28:50:39 But I can certainly sympathize with the point 00:28:50:40 00:28:56:36 you're attempting to make, and you do make, that there have been bastard changes 00:28:56:36 00:28:58:72 and that we haven't been able to cope with some of them; 00:28:58:82 00:29:01:76 that's just the bottom line. Call it the economics of it. 00:29:01:96 00:29:04:96 You said very well, you know, 00:29:05:16 00:29:08:24 I can remember down at the edge of town of Murphy, 00:29:08:44 00:29:11:76 and, you know, my dad or your dad went down, and you borrowed 00:29:11:76 00:29:14:56 a hundred dollars for so much fertilizer that year, 00:29:14:76 00:29:18:84 and he might've got $8 or $10 a week to feed the family on. 00:29:18:84 00:29:21:26 He didn't have anything at the end of the year, but he went back 00:29:21:26 00:29:24:99 in the farm business the next year, just like the year before and got a million dollars. 00:29:24:99 00:29:26:27 You can't do that today. 00:29:26:28 00:29:29:56 You going to be either in it, or you're going to get out of it. 00:29:29:76 00:29:32:80 And we've got a lot of people in hock today, 00:29:32:80 00:29:35:25 and we've got a lot of group farmers today who don't know it. 00:29:35:44 00:29:38:36 I don't think yet, because, you know. And the unfortunate thing, 00:29:38:56 00:29:41:24 the sad part about it is that, you know, 00:29:41:44 00:29:44:72 we've got lending agents, like our banks, the PCA or [?], 00:29:44:72 00:29:48:91 And if you don't know the truth about when it counts as a tobacco program, a peanut program too, 00:29:48:92 00:29:52:96 They are shaking in their boots, really, because I talked with them. 00:29:54:20 00:29:57:20 - [Eugene] You want to add anything to your question? 00:29:57:40 00:29:58:92 - [Audience member] No. 00:29:59:12 00:30:01:71 - [Eugene] Well, I think we all understand that 00:30:01:71 00:30:07:62 and I think I have a friend down in one of my old churches, a farmer down in Jones County, 00:30:07:62 00:30:12:00 and he tells a story about a woman who inherited a million dollars 00:30:12:20 00:30:16:60 of farm land, inherited a million dollars, from a very unexpected source. 00:30:16:80 00:30:20:36 And when the newspaper reporter came out and interviewed her, 00:30:20:56 00:30:23:00 he said, "What are you folks going to do now?" 00:30:23:20 00:30:26:98 And her husband said, "We'll just keep farming until we lose that too." 00:30:26:98 00:30:28:80 [laughter] 00:30:29:40 00:30:32:16 Someone else? Do you want to respond to that, Frank? 00:30:32:36 00:30:34:40 Have any response? 00:30:34:48 00:30:39:40 - [Frank] Maybe not directly to that question, but the thing that strikes me, 00:30:39:24 00:30:43:64 that may be indirectly related, is the global aspect of everything we do now. 00:30:43:84 00:30:47:84 I think it's more pronounced now than it ever was before. 00:30:48:40 00:30:51:76 I guess with the technology, with the communication being what it is, 00:30:51:96 00:30:53:80 we recognize that-- 00:30:54:00 00:30:56:92 we talk about inflation, for example-- 00:30:57:12 00:30:59:40 we recognize, and we talk about Reaganomics, 00:30:59:60 00:31:04:72 and I talk about it a lot, but we recognize that this is not just 00:31:04:92 00:31:09:32 a part of a problem in the 50 states here, but it's a worldwide thing. 00:31:09:52 00:31:12:72 And we have a problem in any country in the world. 00:31:12:92 00:31:14:52 It affects us immediately. 00:31:14:52 00:31:16:39 How are we going to dispose of our 00:31:16:40 00:31:19:40 products, our labor problems here, whatever we have? 00:31:19:60 00:31:26:12 We are in a global situation, and we have a responsibility to keep abreast now. 00:31:26:32 00:31:32:64 And we have to conduct our political affairs as if we are part of a world community, 00:31:32:84 00:31:35:60 whether in agriculture or whatever. 00:31:35:80 00:31:41:29 - [Eugene] Thank you. Somebody else have a question before we summarize the evening? 00:31:41:36 00:31:46:80 I think our time's slipping away, probably; we need to adjourn. 00:31:46:28 00:31:49:48 Let me say in closing that I would like 00:31:49:68 00:31:53:56 just simply to ask you to think for a few minutes 00:31:53:76 00:31:56:00 about what will be the nature 00:31:56:20 00:32:00:76 and the quality of life in Edgecombe County in the year 2000. 00:32:01:12 00:32:07:80 Because this first group, which has brought together citizen leaders to think about 00:32:08:00 00:32:13:48 one aspect of that life is really a part of that total question, 00:32:13:68 00:32:17:20 because you're the people who are concerned about this. 00:32:17:40 00:32:21:52 We know that, so far as the world is concerned, we are facing the problems 00:32:21:72 00:32:26:80 of overpopulation, the scarcity of food, energy, jobs. 00:32:27:00 00:32:31:00 There'll be a lowering of tax bases and things of that sort, which will 00:32:31:20 00:32:36:40 continue to threaten, to erode quality of life. 00:32:36:24 00:32:38:92 We don't think that has to happen, 00:32:39:12 00:32:44:92 but it is going to require that we take a broader look at our selves and at our 00:32:45:12 00:32:51:12 questions than we--questions and concerns--than we have in the past. 00:32:51:26 00:32:52:36 Just as, for instance, 00:32:52:56 00:32:58:36 we know that tobacco is our problem and we feel that there ought to be some 00:32:58:56 00:33:02:68 kind of federal intervention and concern on that level. 00:33:02:68 00:33:04:59 There are other areas of the country 00:33:04:60 00:33:09:16 who face vast problems of unemployment, a lack of housing, 00:33:09:36 00:33:14:20 a high crime rate, the need for medical care and transportation. 00:33:14:40 00:33:17:12 And they, too, see their problems as being 00:33:17:32 00:33:21:40 worthy of some kind of federal intervention and concern. 00:33:21:60 00:33:22:88 Now, the humanities, 00:33:23:80 00:33:28:56 and the North Carolina Committee on the Humanities, which has funded this project, 00:33:28:76 00:33:35:76 is not simply an organization that is concerned with a few social problems. 00:33:35:96 00:33:43:40 Instead, it is concerned with the kinds of questions that a pluralistic society 00:33:43:60 00:33:51:80 faces and the mistake of trying to answer those questions in a simplistic manner. 00:33:51:28 00:33:56:24 We certainly recognize that wrong decisions in Congress-- 00:33:56:44 00:34:02:64 on the state level or on the local level--can imperil the quality of life that 00:34:02:84 00:34:06:84 many of us have worked hard to give our children 00:34:07:40 00:34:12:16 and, hopefully, as a sort of inheritance for our grandchildren. 00:34:12:36 00:34:14:84 We cannot certainly solve our problems 00:34:15:40 00:34:18:88 unless, first of all, we are willing to admit that we have problems. 00:34:18:97 00:34:20:12 And then I think, John, 00:34:20:32 00:34:27:40 we have to try to find rational and intelligent solutions to those problems. 00:34:27:60 00:34:32:30 And on the one level, with the State, that's what Frank Emory is doing, 00:34:32:39 00:34:33:63 And on another level, 00:34:33:64 00:34:38:28 as our representative, is what John Sledge is doing 00:34:38:52 00:34:42:32 Now, the humanities are concerned with something 00:34:42:52 00:34:48:40 that is a little more personal than the tobacco question 00:34:48:60 00:34:53:16 in one sense, and that is that it is concerned 00:34:53:36 00:34:59:56 with how the political decision, how do the leaders-- 00:34:59:76 00:35:07:28 how does the leadership affect the qualities of our own day by day life? 00:35:07:36 00:35:11:15 You probably know the humanities have been getting some bad press recently. 00:35:11:16 00:35:14:84 Some people have referred to those of us who were humanist 00:35:15:40 00:35:17:36 as atheistic humanists, 00:35:17:56 00:35:19:84 and the truth of the matter is 00:35:20:40 00:35:23:64 that the humanities are simply, as you know, those subjects, 00:35:23:84 00:35:31:16 as was pointed out tonight, that ask questions about the person. 00:35:31:36 00:35:35:72 What kind of life are the individuals who are born into 00:35:35:92 00:35:38:88 our society going to endure? 00:35:39:80 00:35:42:16 None of us like to be depersonalized. 00:35:42:36 00:35:45:52 We don't like that kind of an experience. 00:35:45:72 00:35:49:25 Some years ago, my family got concerned about my health, 00:35:49:25 00:35:53:60 and they wanted me to go up and have a physical examination. 00:35:53:80 00:35:58:44 And so I went to the university hospital, you know, and they 00:35:58:64 00:36:01:20 after all kinds of record keeping, 00:36:01:40 00:36:06:72 they put me in a little room and took away all my clothes, and gave me 00:36:06:72 00:36:10:84 a little sheet, about this big, and left me there to wait for the coming of 00:36:11:40 00:36:12:56 the great doctor. 00:36:12:76 00:36:15:40 After two or three days, he got there. 00:36:15:60 00:36:19:00 And when he got in, you know, he was all business. 00:36:19:20 00:36:22:84 He wanted to know how my ancestors died. 00:36:23:40 00:36:26:40 And that seemed to have little concern with me. 00:36:26:60 00:36:29:39 And then he departed and sent me 00:36:29:40 00:36:33:32 on the usual routine of lab work and so forth. 00:36:33:52 00:36:37:36 I was told that he would write my family physician, 00:36:37:56 00:36:45:00 but because of the title that ended up on my information sheet, the copy came to me. 00:36:45:20 00:36:47:52 And here's how he began: 00:36:47:72 00:36:49:80 "On entering the examination room, 00:36:50:00 00:36:53:40 I observed an obese white male." 00:36:53:24 00:36:55:68 Now, that hurt my feelings. [laughter] 00:36:55:88 00:36:59:60 You know, I got much better treatment than that 00:36:59:60 00:37:00:87 when I was growing up; 00:37:00:88 00:37:05:97 I was a good old fat boy, you know, or something of this sort. 00:37:05:97 00:37:11:16 And none of us like, I think, to find ourselves in a situation 00:37:11:36 00:37:17:20 where we and our opinions and our views of life are not important. 00:37:17:40 00:37:22:60 And so, consequently, what I spend most of my time doing, since 00:37:22:80 00:37:27:20 I teach young people, is to encourage them to be acquainted 00:37:27:40 00:37:35:52 with man's past, with our great heritage, particularly, our democratic heritage, 00:37:35:72 00:37:40:20 to examine their own lives and their own views. 00:37:40:48 00:37:44:32 And especially to listen to the visionaries and prophets 00:37:44:52 00:37:47:48 who talk about tomorrow. 00:37:47:68 00:37:50:36 And then to arrive at some intelligent 00:37:50:56 00:37:56:76 commitment in their own lives to those values for which they are willing to work 00:37:56:96 00:38:03:72 and to preserve in the hope that we will continue to have a society 00:38:03:92 00:38:08:48 in which man finds a good environment in which to grow up, 00:38:08:68 00:38:14:72 which our children have the opportunity for as much education as they're able to 00:38:15:20 00:38:19:84 accomplish and receive, the kind of employment that will 00:38:20:40 00:38:25:96 guarantee them security, and the kind of political arena 00:38:26:16 00:38:30:48 in which they can express their viewpoints without fear. 00:38:30:68 00:38:36:44 Or it seems to me that this kind of forum is what democracy is all about. 00:38:36:72 00:38:40:80 And I especially want to thank Meade Horne [?], 00:38:40:28 00:38:45:92 Mary Jo Godwin and all of those persons who worked so hard to make these 00:38:46:12 00:38:51:28 few evenings as successful as I think they've been 00:38:51:48 00:38:55:20 and as meaningful an experience for those of us who've shared it. 00:38:55:40 00:38:58:60 And I especially want to thank you for being here. 00:38:58:80 00:39:02:80 I believe we have some refreshments prepared for us. 00:39:02:88 00:39:04:27 And if you will join us at 00:39:04:28 00:39:09:80 the refreshment table, I think you can ask further questions of our speakers. 00:39:09:81 00:39:10:28 Thank you.