[00:00:42.120] [music] [00:00:40.386] What do I like about fishing most? Everything. Everything! [00:00:42.386] A bad day of fishing's a lot better than a good day of working. [00:00:47.343] [laughs] [00:00:50.200] Even when they're not biting it's still a good day of fishing. [00:00:53.000] [music] [00:02:41.120] Catch him? Yes sir. [00:02:37.443] And next is eating them. [00:02:38.914] Eating them too. We do it all. [00:02:40.571] We used to think we were sport fishing [00:02:42.080] but we decided we ain't all together sport fishing, [00:02:45.043] we like to each them too. [00:02:46.643] [music] [00:03:04.240] - [Narrator] From earliest memory, man has been a fisherman. [00:03:07.614] At first to feed only himself, [00:03:10.486] [music] [00:03:13.640] then in commerce, [00:03:17.120] and eventually for sport. [00:03:19.471] [music] [00:03:24.400] Through those years, [00:03:25.480] fishing styles and techniques have undergone vast changes, [00:03:29.800] but the fascination with catching a fish has not lessened. [00:03:33.640] It continues to summon a host of emotions— [00:03:36.560] anticipation, [00:03:40.080] frustration, [00:03:41.800] and satisfaction. [00:03:45.560] Like life itself, [00:03:47.486] the fascination of fishing lies in its uncertainty. [00:03:50.720] And the form it takes does not matter for the joy of fishing fills a deep [00:03:55.160] and enduring place in the lives of many of us. [00:03:58.920] Yet this ancient link between men and fish [00:04:02.143] is today severely threatened. [00:04:04.600] A massive danger flows throughout the land in many different forms [00:04:09.071] from many different places— [00:04:10.800] factories and sewage treatment plants, [00:04:13.280] toxic waste dumps, streets and parking lots, [00:04:16.200] collectors of everything from Styrofoam to motor oil, [00:04:19.657] yield some of the most toxic runoff. [00:04:22.640] Soil washes from farmland and second home developments [00:04:26.360] choking waterways with silt. [00:04:29.400] Farm runoff often carries with it a load of pesticides that can lead directly [00:04:34.635] to fish kills, or even worse, [00:04:36.840] the long term poisoning of our waterways. [00:04:39.880] Although these activities are considered essential to man's well-being, [00:04:44.360] their effects nevertheless can accumulate— [00:04:47.314] strangling and degrading our waters, [00:04:49.760] making them uninhabitable for almost all life. [00:04:53.840] Faced with such complex and elusive challenges, [00:04:56.560] the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission [00:04:59.280] is charged with providing fishing opportunities for the public. [00:05:08.120] From the tumbling mountain streams to the dark, slow moving coastal waters, [00:05:12.320] the Division of Boating and Inland Fisheries meets this task [00:05:15.880] through a broad system of fisheries management programs. [00:05:24.840] But before a management program is put in place, [00:05:27.920] there are many questions to be answered. [00:05:30.280] Studies or surveys of aquatic systems are basic to providing these answers. [00:05:36.480] Using a variety of techniques from electro fishing to krill surveys, [00:05:41.360] biologists learn of the growth rates of fish, incidents of disease, [00:05:46.360] reproductive success, and species composition. [00:05:50.329] - [Biologist] 395. [00:06:05.040] 1.1 kilos. [00:06:09.680] - [Narrator] Probably the greatest value of the surveys [00:06:12.160] is their use as a biological basis for setting fishing regulations. [00:06:17.240] In several instances, surveys showed that overfishing was [00:06:20.600] causing a size imbalance in largemouth bass populations. [00:06:25.680] Anglers were catching the popular game fish, [00:06:28.000] but very few were worth bragging about. [00:06:36.040] How's your fishing been today? [00:06:38.440] We're catching a ton of small fish, but we can't seem to catch any any size, [00:06:42.000] about the biggest was [?] about three pounds. [00:06:44.800] You guys are the experts. [00:06:46.160] Now you're putting a limit on them, fourteen inches. [00:06:48.520] Why is this? [00:06:50.000] - [Biologist] Well, you sort of answered the question yourself. [00:06:52.960] There's two reasons to that. [00:06:54.370] We've placed a [00:06:55.600] size limit restriction on the bass population [00:06:58.560] so that the fish will reach a larger size, a lunker size. [00:07:02.520] And then at the same time, we have in the krill, too undersized fish, [00:07:06.671] which you can keep. [00:07:08.160] And this lets you harvest the segment of this population. [00:07:11.960] The whole purpose of the krill [00:07:13.360] and size limit regulations is to protect the bass population. [00:07:18.680] Well, Joe, let us hear from you on your fishing success. [00:07:22.480] - [Joe] Thank you. - [Biologist] Good luck. [00:07:33.440] - [Narrator] Other surveys revealed the critically low status [00:07:36.520] of striped bass populations in inland waters. [00:07:39.800] Again, data from the surveys was used to support new regulations that would [00:07:44.400] allow the fish more growing time. [00:07:47.760] In a larger sense these surveys are vital to balancing [00:07:49.960] the needs of fishery resources with the demands of the fishing public. [00:07:54.040] And always, biological data is the key element in that balance. [00:08:00.480] [distant talking] [00:08:05.200] Traditionally farm ponds have given North Carolinians [00:08:08.320] some of their most enjoyable hours of fishing, [00:08:11.480] but a farm pond is not a truly natural ecosystem and too often the relationship [00:08:16.840] between predator and prey fish gets out of balance. [00:08:36.320] There are too many small fish and not enough large ones to keep them in check. [00:08:40.960] So the role of the predator and the prey is reversed [00:08:45.120] and the young predator fish becomes the prey. [00:08:49.280] In these situations, commission fisheries biologists provide [00:08:52.920] guidance on how to restore balance to the fish populations in the pond. [00:08:59.720] - [Biologist] One of the things I noticed [00:09:01.800] is that you've got bass in here and they're thin. They've got a slight belly. [00:09:05.520] It means that they're not getting enough food. [00:09:07.640] If you want to improve your bass fishery [00:09:09.400] you're going to need to take out a few more bass. [00:09:11.614] By taking out a few more bass [00:09:13.560] this will allow the other bass that are [00:09:15.680] out there more food and allow them to grow to a larger size. [00:09:21.040] - [Narrator] Sometimes fishing can be enhanced [00:09:23.129] through the restoration of a native species [00:09:25.160] that had vanished from its range because of changes in its natural habitat. [00:09:30.280] This was the case of the muskellunge in western North Carolina. [00:09:34.200] Water pollution from mining operations [00:09:36.760] led to its disappearance from the French Broad and other western rivers. [00:09:41.000] But in the 1970s, a program was begun to restock muskies [00:09:45.000] in the French Broad, Nolichucky, and New Rivers. [00:09:48.800] The program has proved to be a success [00:09:51.286] and the restoration of the musky to its native waters [00:09:54.200] now furnishes anglers an exciting and very elusive challenge. [00:10:56.600] - [Fisherman 1] Got him! [00:10:58.640] Just a minute, Jerry. [00:10:56.957] - [Fisherman 2] Bring him over here on this side of the boat. [00:11:00.560] [?] [00:11:01.920] - [Fisherman 1] How big is he? [00:11:12.929] - [Fisherman 2] About 30-32. [00:11:15.057] - [Fisherman 1] Look at the [?] lateral bar markings on that. [00:11:17.986] Ain't that a pretty fish? [00:11:20.840] - [Narrator] But ever amidst these successful programs [00:11:23.986] is the constant threat of fish kills. [00:11:26.240] They are the so-called trade offs [00:11:27.960] of industrialized society and they will never be completely eliminated. [00:11:32.240] And always, the task of cleaning up [00:11:34.539] falls to [00:11:35.200] to Fisheries Division personnel with assistance from the Enforcement Division. [00:11:39.640] The job becomes doubly frustrating because [00:11:42.080] it usually means cleaning up someone else's negligence or indifference. [00:11:46.360] But it must be done. [00:11:48.200] The grim data from the cleanups is necessary to establish the cost [00:11:52.720] of replacing the fish if and when the cause of the kill is determined. [00:11:57.680] And yet poor water quality is not always the cause of poor fishing. [00:12:02.080] It can be as simple as a lack of cover in which fish can hide. [00:12:06.040] And the solution to the problem can often be as simple. [00:12:09.040] A bundle of discarded Christmas trees tied [00:12:11.280] together and weighted with cinder blocks may be all it takes. [00:12:14.720] Placed on a barren lake bottom, [00:12:16.480] the bundle sometimes begin attracting fish within a matter of hours. [00:12:20.320] Attractors have been placed in many [00:12:22.200] of the state's public waters and over the years have become a proven strategy [00:12:26.560] for boosting fish populations and improving fishing. [00:12:30.280] Fishing success can also depend on being [00:12:32.880] able to get to where the fish are. [00:12:34.680] On a number of urban lakes [00:12:36.240] access to better fishing has been made [00:12:38.200] possible through the construction of piers. [00:12:40.480] In combination with fish attractors, the piers give a sort of upscale twist [00:12:44.480] to the time honored tradition of bank fishing. [00:12:50.040] And yet there is considerably more [00:12:52.000] to managing North Carolina's freshwater fisheries. [00:12:55.400] Often it amounts to repairing the damage [00:12:57.840] to aquatic habitats caused by man's activities. [00:13:02.240] In the mountains of North Carolina, the streams begin humbly. [00:13:06.000] Slowly, seeping from the rocks and soil, becoming trickles, [00:13:13.600] collecting to overflowing, [00:13:17.800] repeated a thousand times [00:13:21.520] ever falling. [00:13:25.760] And at last, [00:13:27.400] swelling into rushing streams and rivers. [00:13:29.786] But for all their brawling vitality, [00:13:33.440] these waters, and a life they support, are fragile, easily damaged. [00:13:49.080] When the mountain slopes are cleared [00:13:51.920] rain and snow wash away the soil [00:13:55.280] which eventually chokes the streams with silt. [00:14:04.760] Trout cannot live in such an environment [00:14:06.960] and the eggs, smothered by a blanket of silt, cannot survive. [00:14:17.800] Even in an undisturbed state, [00:14:19.600] many mountain streams cannot support large populations of trout. [00:14:23.171] Because of this [00:14:24.880] heavy fishing pressure could ultimately deplete them. [00:14:29.520] To assure a continuation of high quality trout fishing in the state's 4,000 miles [00:14:34.285] of trout stream, [00:14:35.440] a stocking program was begun many years ago. [00:14:39.000] Currently, four commission hatcheries annually provide about 340,000 brook, [00:14:45.000] rainbow, and brown trout for stocking in North Carolina waters. [00:15:20.160] But for the angler who cherishes the challenge of catching a wild trout, [00:15:24.040] there also are 400 miles of unstocked trout streams. [00:15:28.520] Surveys have shown that these streams are [00:15:30.600] able to sustain naturally reproducing trout populations. [00:15:34.680] Tighter krill and size limits keep them that way, [00:15:37.600] allowing more fish to grow to a bigger size. [00:16:52.040] In the state's larger reservoirs an intensive management effort also works [00:16:56.360] toward maintaining a strong striped bass fishery. [00:16:59.680] A stocking program became necessary [00:17:01.880] with the damming of many of North Carolina's major rivers. [00:17:05.960] The ancient spawning runs of the striper and other fish species were cut off [00:17:10.408] by the dams. [00:17:11.600] Concrete and steel not only blocked flowing water, [00:17:15.200] it thwarted the natural rhythms of a species. [00:17:18.800] Eggs laid by spawning stripers must have [00:17:21.120] flowing water to carry them downstream to give them time to mature. [00:17:25.760] But in the waters now stilled by the dams, the eggs sink to the bottom and die. [00:17:31.720] Natural reproduction becomes impossible. [00:17:34.760] Since the 1950s, the Division of Inland Fisheries has [00:17:38.080] stocked many lakes with stripers. [00:17:40.100] In rhythm with the seasons [00:17:41.960] the program begins in spring as [00:17:44.040] the stripers move upstream on their annual spawning run again. [00:17:48.200] Again the electro fishing technique is used, [00:17:50.640] this time to collect the female stripers now heavy with eggs. [00:17:56.720] The fish, momentarily stunned as [00:17:58.840] the current passes through the water, are quickly retrieved. [00:18:03.086] [excited yelling] [00:18:34.800] Before the female stripers are transported to Welden Hatchery, [00:18:38.520] they're weighed and injected [00:18:39.840] with a hormone that will stimulate development of their eggs. [00:18:43.243] [background chatter] [00:18:46.680] At the hatchery it's a waiting game. [00:18:49.160] But when the eggs have matured, they're stripped from the female [00:18:52.320] and fertilized with milt from a male striper. [00:18:54.986] Depending on her size [00:18:57.080] a female may carry from 250,000 to five million eggs. [00:19:05.880] What's that look like to you? About a million? [00:19:05.243] - [Worker 2] A million, a million and a half. [00:19:09.160] - [Worker 1] We need some male. - [Worker 3] Ok. [00:19:13.920] - [Worker 4] They look good. - [Worker 2] Yeah they do. [00:19:14.314] [distant chatter] [00:19:39.120] - [Narrator] To simulate the natural river current [00:19:41.520] the eggs are placed in jars with water flowing through them. [00:19:45.080] This is a critical element in the spawning process, for the eggs must be suspended [00:19:50.038] in water [00:19:50.640] from thirty-six to seventy-two hours if they are to mature and hatch into fry. [00:20:04.800] From Welden, the fry are taken to the commission hatchery in Fayetteville [00:20:08.760] and held in tanks until they reach fingerling size. [00:20:13.680] Several weeks later the fingerlings, [00:20:15.840] now one to two inches long, are ready for stocking. [00:21:14.640] The rest of the story, of course, is up to the fisherman, [00:21:17.640] but without these efforts, [00:21:19.200] striped bass fishing, a sport enjoyed by thousands [00:21:22.200] of North Carolina sportsmen, [00:21:23.957] would be greatly diminished. [00:21:26.040] More than that, [00:21:26.960] the recent decline of striper populations in our rivers and coastal waters [00:21:31.680] lends even greater importance to a strong striped bass management program. [00:21:36.240] And yet there has always been a sort [00:21:38.160] of grand irony in all these attempts to manage the state's inland fisheries. [00:21:43.080] For although the Division of Boating and Inland Fisheries was charged [00:21:46.960] with maintaining the resource, [00:21:48.800] it has had little control over those [00:21:50.960] activities that degraded the state's waters. [00:21:53.920] The steady decline of the striper [00:21:55.560] population is a prime example of the dilemma. [00:21:59.200] It is a classic environmental mystery with many more questions than answers. [00:22:04.880] Are the doses of heavy metals [00:22:06.480] and pesticides found in the tissues of stripers taking their toll? [00:22:14.440] Have the huge dams and reservoirs altered the flow of the Roanoke River, [00:22:18.880] thereby fatally disrupting the fish's spawning cycle? [00:22:22.480] In their search for answers, biologists collect striper larvae [00:22:26.120] from the Roanoke River, a major striper spawning area. [00:22:29.520] The samples disclose more than spawning success. [00:22:32.680] The stomachs of the larvae are empty [00:22:34.800] instead of being stuffed with tiny organisms called zooplankton— [00:22:38.680] the primary food of the striper larvae. [00:22:41.600] Blue-green algae is the suspected cause. [00:22:44.800] Fertilized by the nutrient-rich wastewaters [00:22:47.440] from farms and cities, algae can undergo explosive growth. [00:22:52.040] In turn, this growth depletes the dissolved oxygen in the water [00:22:56.800] and thus interferes with the production of zooplankton. [00:22:59.800] With this critical link missing from their food chain, [00:23:03.160] the half inch long striper larvae literally starve to death. [00:23:07.600] And there are still other threats, other questions. [00:23:10.800] As the young stripers make their way downriver, [00:23:13.880] how many are sucked into the intakes of heavy users of river water? [00:23:17.920] Another link in the mystery may begin hundreds, perhaps thousands of miles away. [00:23:23.000] The heavy breath of the nation's [00:23:24.600] industrial heart rises and catches the prevailing west wind. [00:23:28.280] Once aloft, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides [00:23:32.280] may mix with water vapor to form sulfuric or nitric acid. [00:23:38.000] Born eastward, it cloaks the Appalachian Mountains [00:23:39.760] in acid mist, drifts across the Piedmont toward the coast. [00:23:43.840] Along the way, this acid brew falls into our waterways and becomes a prime [00:23:48.760] suspect as a cause of the stripers decline. [00:23:51.480] Its impact is also suspected throughout the coastal waters of the Atlantic. [00:23:55.960] Even the commercial harvest of stripers make be taking its toll. [00:23:59.480] When striped bass are plentiful in coastal waters, [00:24:02.680] commercial harvesting of them has little impact. [00:24:05.640] But from 1976 to 1988, the commercial striper catch dropped [00:24:10.400] from over 676,000 pounds to 109,000 pounds. [00:24:15.720] Some of this can be attributed to stricter catch limits, [00:24:18.880] but with current populations so low, [00:24:21.160] continued commercial netting could be harmful. [00:24:24.557] [music] [00:24:27.440] Perhaps the most tragic abuse of this [00:24:29.680] priceless resource came as pure greed. [00:24:32.414] As the commercial striper catch declined, [00:24:35.160] demand for the fish could not be met and its value increased. [00:24:39.280] The result was an upsurge in striper poaching in inland waters such as [00:24:43.520] Kerr, Gaston, and Roanoke Rapids Lakes and the Roanoke River. [00:25:02.640] - [Buyer] Whatcha got? [00:25:04.400] Man, she's slam full. [00:25:06.760] Probably got fifty pounds in there. [00:25:10.320] Oh, you've got the touch. [00:25:14.320] - [Buyer] I've got the people lined up. [00:25:27.120] - [Poacher] That's ten. That makes fifty-one pounds. [00:25:29.120] - [Buyer] Will that do it? [00:25:44.800] Well, all right! Looks like we got us a growth industry here. [00:26:04.040] - [Buyer] Same time tomorrow? [00:26:05.120] - [Fisherman] Yeah. [00:26:06.760] - [Buyer] All right. [00:26:08.520] The selling of game fish caught in inland waters is illegal, [00:26:12.880] but over a two year period 224,000 pounds [00:26:17.080] of striped bass were illegally sold from these waters. [00:26:20.440] The buyers and poachers were caught, but their greed, if left unchecked, [00:26:25.440] would have depleted the striper populations even further. [00:26:28.880] The dilemma of the striped bass is part [00:26:31.120] of a destructive cycle that often is the end product of environmental degradation. [00:26:36.320] As its habitat was degraded its numbers dwindled, [00:26:39.840] but under the law of supply and demand the stripers value increased. [00:26:44.560] It became a commodity in the marketplace. [00:26:46.960] The striper became the target of criminal activity [00:26:49.960] that reduced its numbers even further. [00:26:53.960] Although such problems still exist, there now is an also greater recognition [00:26:58.600] of the need to carefully monitor the health of our natural resources. [00:27:02.600] It is a complex and wide ranging task [00:27:05.200] and demands the cooperation of many agencies. [00:27:08.243] Within this framework, [00:27:09.640] the Division of Boating and Inland Fisheries [00:27:11.320] fisheries plays a major role in easing the abuses that plague the state's waterways. [00:27:16.520] It comes with the authority to assess [00:27:19.120] and comment on the environmental impact [00:27:22.100] that numerous activities have on our in land waters [00:27:23.760] inland waters—channelization, land clearing, agricultural runoff, [00:27:28.360] industrial wastes, and the damming of rivers. [00:27:31.686] In the broad scope of all its activities, [00:27:34.000] environmental assessment is probably the most important and far reaching [00:27:38.454] function of the division. [00:27:39.720] Without its experience, its vigilance, [00:27:42.640] there is a strong probability of an even [00:27:44.920] greater degradation of our fisheries. [00:27:47.143] In all of this there's a paradox, [00:27:49.840] a confusion of values where men, water, and fish touch. [00:27:54.400] The broad fabric of this activity we call fishing [00:27:57.640] is so deeply woven with our affections that to be without it is unthinkable. [00:28:02.320] But we continue to damage that which we love, [00:28:04.840] at times sow the seeds of its destruction. [00:28:07.680] Within this tangle of contradictions, [00:28:10.500] the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission [00:28:12.880] strives to protect, manage, and improve the state's fisheries. [00:28:17.320] Yet its efforts often add up to merely keeping even. [00:28:20.600] The unexplained decline of the striped bass, [00:28:23.560] acid rain, toxic runoff, all are symptoms of competing [00:28:28.240] priorities over which it has little control. [00:28:31.360] Against the backdrop of man's relentless [00:28:33.880] drive to manipulate the world around him, [00:28:36.443] the task seems overwhelming [00:28:38.680] for it demands not just knowledge, but courage and wisdom. [00:28:43.000] Still, the effort is firmly rooted [00:28:45.000] in an indisputable truth that if we nurture and protect that which we love, [00:28:50.120] we ultimately sustain ourselves. [00:28:52.229] And even more, [00:28:53.280] the responsibility to do so rests with all of us. [00:28:57.040] The philosopher Jose Ortega y Gasset [00:29:00.000] put it best when he said, "I am myself and what is around me. [00:29:04.280] If I do not save it, it shall not save me." [00:29:08.771] [music] [00:29:23.600] It's a chance to get away from all [00:29:25.400] the pressures of work and come out, just sit and relax in the lake. [00:29:28.440] Enjoy the scenery. Just get off by yourself in the quietness of a lake. [00:29:34.240] [music] [00:29:57.000] If you catch fish, that's a bonus. [00:30:00.329] [music] [00:30:07.639] - [Person 1] Had a good day of fishing today. [00:30:09.357] - [Person 2] Yeah? It was a good day. [00:30:09.957] - [Person 1] Kind of interesting, the smallmouth [00:30:13.429] were hitting on the surface today. [00:30:15.186] [voices fade out] [00:30:16.386] [music]